Importância do diagnóstico por imagem em pacientes com sangramento uterino anormal / Importance of diagnostic imaging in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding

O sangramento uterino anormal é diagnóstico sindrômico comum no consultório do ginecologista e pode comprometer substancialmente a qualidade de vida. O objetivo no diagnóstico de sangramento uterino anormal é distinguir pacientes com causas estruturais (anatômicas), como pólipo, adenomiose, leiomioma, malignidade e hiperplasia, de pacientes que apresentam anatomia normal, nas quais o sangramento pode ser devido a alteração dos mecanismos de coagulação, distúrbios ovulatórios, distúrbios primários do endométrio, iatrogenia, ou ter outra causa não classificada. O diagnóstico se inicia a partir de anamnese detalhada e exame físico geral e ginecológico completos, seguidos da solicitação de exames complementares (laboratoriais e de imagem), conforme indicado. O exame de imagem de primeira linha para identificação das causas estruturais inclui a ultrassonografia pélvica. Histerossonografia, histeroscopia, ressonância magnética e amostragem endometrial para exame de anatomia patológica são opções que podem ser incluídas no diagnóstico a depender da necessidade. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a relevância dos exames de imagem na investigação das causas de sangramento uterino anormal.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the commonest presenting complaints encountered in a gynecologist's office and may substantially affect quality of life. The aim in the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding is to distinguish women with anatomic causes such as polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy and hyperplasia from women with normal anatomy where the cause may be coagulopathy, ovulatory disorders, endometrial, iatrogenic and not otherwise classified. Diagnosis begins with a thorough history and physical examination followed by appropriate laboratory and imaging tests as indicated. The primary imaging test for the identification of anatomic causes include ultrasonography. Saline infusion sonohysterography, magnetic resonance, hysteroscopy, endometrial sampling are options that can be included in the diagnosis depending on the need. The aim of this article is to present the relevance of imaging exams in the investigation of the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding.

Gallbladder polyps: correlation and agreement between ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in a population with high incidence of gallbladder cancer / Pólipos da vesícula biliar: correlação e concordância entre achados ultrassonográficos e histopatológicos em uma população com alta incidência de câncer de vesícula biliar

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Gallbladder polyps are becoming a common finding in ultrasound. The management has to consider the potential risk of malignant lesions. AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze the ultrasound findings in patients undergoing cholecystectomy due to gallbladder polyps and compare them for histopathological findings (HPs). METHODS: Patients with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder polyp and who underwent cholecystectomy from 2007 to 2020 were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 447 patients were included, of whom 58% were women. The mean age was 45±12 years. The mean size of polyps in US was 7.9±3.6 mm. Notably, 9% of polyps were greater than 10 mm, and single polyps were significantly larger than the multiple ones (p=0.003). Histopathological findings confirmed the presence of polyps in 88.4%, with a mean size of 4.8±3.4 mm. In all, 16 cases were neoplastic polyps (4.1%), 4 of them being malignancies, and all were single and larger than 10 mm. We found a significant correlation between ultrasound and histopathological findings polyp size determination (r=0.44; p<0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis obtained an overestimation of the US size of 3.26 mm. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis between both measures obtained an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.77 (95%CI 0.74-0.81). Ultrasound polyps size larger than 10 mm had an odds ratio (OR) of 8.147 (95%CI 2.56-23.40) for the presence of adenoma and malignancy, with a likelihood ratio of 2.78. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive correlation and appropriate diagnostic accuracy between ultrasound size of gallbladder polyps compared to histopathological records, with a trend to overestimate the size by about 3 mm. Neoplastic polyps are uncommon, and it correlates with size. Polyps larger than 10 mm were associated with adenoma and malignancy.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Os pólipos da vesícula biliar estão se tornando um achado comum na ultrassonografia (US). O manejo deve levar em consideração o risco de lesões malignas. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os achados da ultrassonografia em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia por pólipos vesicais e compará-los com os achados histopatológicos. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados os prontuários médicos dos pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de pólipo vesicular e submetidos à colecistectomia no período de 2007 a 2020. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 447 pacientes. A média de idade foi 45±12anos, sendo 58% mulheres. O tamanho médio dos pólipos na US foide 7,9±3,6mm. Nove por cento foram maiores que 10 mm, e os pólipos únicos encontrados foram maiores do que os múltiplos (p=0,003). A HP confirmou a presença de pólipos em 88,4%, tamanho médio 4,8±3,4mm. Dezesseis eram pólipos neoplásicos (4,1%) e quatro deles malignos, únicos e maiores que 10 mm. Foi encontrado correlação significativa entre a determinação do tamanho do pólipo ao ultrassonografia e histopatológicos (r=0,44; p<0,001). A análise de Bland-Altman obteve uma superestimação do tamanho do pólipo ao US em 3,26 mm. A análise da curva da característica de operação do receptor entre as duas medidas obteve uma área sob a curva curva da característica de operação do receptor (AUC) de 0,77 (IC95% 0,74-0,81). Pólipos ao ultrassonografia maiores que 10 mm apresentaram razão de chance (OR) de 8,147 (IC95% 2,56-23,40) para presença de adenoma e malignidade, com razão de verossimilhança de 2,78. CONCLUSÕES: Há uma correlação positiva e acurácia diagnóstica apropriada entre o tamanho dos pólipos da vesícula biliar por ultrassonografia em comparação com os achados histopatológicos, com uma tendência de superestimar o tamanho em cerca de 3 mm. Pólipos maiores que 10 mm foram associados a adenoma e malignidade.

Cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal en pediatría: experiencia Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery: experience in Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile

RESUMEN Introducción: La cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal (CENS) es una técnica ampliamente usada actualmente en otorrinolaringología. Se deben considerar las diferencias en la población pediátrica en comparación a los adultos. Objetivo: Describir y analizar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, y resultados del tratamiento con CENS en pediatría. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, incluyendo los pacientes pediátricos con patología otorrinolaringológica que haya requerido CENS entre los años 2012 y 2017. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, complicaciones quirúrgicas y recurrencia. Resultados: La serie está constituida por 19 pacientes, con una edad promedio de intervención de 10 años; 9 hombres y 10 mujeres. El diagnóstico fue en su mayoría pólipo antrocoanal (PAC) (52%), seguida de rinosinusitis crónica (27%). En el periodo de seguimiento, se observó recurrencia en 4 pacientes, los cuales tenían diagnóstico de PAC y atresia de coanas, en un periodo promedio de seguimiento de 36 meses. No hubo complicaciones quirúrgicas. Conclusión: El estudio de los pacientes pediátricos, mediante anamnesis, examen físico e imágenes, es fundamental para definir la indicación de CENS en pediatría. En aquellos casos adecuadamente seleccionados, la CENS es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is a technique widely used in otorhinolaryngology. The differences in pediatric population should be considered, compared to adults. Aim: To describe and analyze the clinical characteristics, epidemiology and surgical results of ESS in pediatric population. Material and method: Retrospective and descriptive study of all pediatric patients who underwent ESS for the treatment of any otorhinolaryngological pathology, between 2012 and 2017. Variables analyzed include demographics, signs and symptoms, surgical complications and recurrence rate. Results: The series includes 19 patients, with a mean age of 10 years at the moment of surgery; 10 men and 9 women. Antrochoanal polyp (AP) was the main diagnosis, followed by chronic rhinosinusitis. On follow-up, 4 patients presented with a recurrence at a mean period of 36 months. No surgical complications were observed. Conclusion: The study of pediatric patients includes anamnesis, physical examination and images in order to define the indication of SES. In those cases, properly selected, CENS results a safe and effective procedure.

Management of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder

With the wide spread use of Ultrasonography [US], more polypoid lesions of the gallbladder [PLG] are being detected. The management of these is controversial. Fifty nine patients with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of PLG were reviewed to determine the reliability of US in the diagnosis of PLG and the indications for operation in this disease. Of the 59 patients operated on, PLG were demonstrated in the resected specimens in 55 cases. Benign lesions were present in 53 PLG, and malignant lesions in 2 patients. The size and number of PLG, and the presence of gallstones, all correlate with the nature of PLG. and these features are helpful in differentiating malignant from benign lesions before operation. US is a sensitive method for investigating PLG. Surgical treatment is indicated when PLG exceed one cm in diameter, when PLG are single in number, when PLG are associated with gallstones, or when clinical symptoms of PLG are apparent. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy [LC] is advised for lesions below 1 cm, while open approach is advised for larger ones